# REFERENCE
- Döring, Holger and Philip Manow. 2019. Parliaments and governments database (ParlGov): Information on parties, elections and cabinets in modern democracies.
-
parlgov.org
—
dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/parlgov
- Version — 22 January 2020
- Note – Codebook created from ParlGov database documentation entries.
# CODING RULES
Overview
We include elections and cabinets in established democracies. More specifically, we include democratic national lower house elections and EP elections for all EU and most OECD members. For the latter, we exclude presidential systems. We record all elections and succeeding cabinets after 1945 or after full democratization according to Boix ea. (2013).
We also include elections and cabinets before 1945. We record information after 1900 or after the last democratic transition (Boix ea. 2013). As of today, these observations are experimental and may need revision.
Parties
Coding rules
We include parties winning more than 1.0% vote share in elections we cover
Minor additions
- winning 2 seats in an election (eg. member of an electoral alliance)
- electoral alliances with at least 2 election results
- party groups that form in parliament
- more than 5.0% seat share (eg. ITA FLI)
- forming in two parliamentary terms (eg. FRA GDR)
- members of cabinet
- providing minority support to a cabinet
- independent candidates with more than 1.0% vote share (eg. IRL Independent – Thomas (TJ) Maher)
- less than 1.0% vote share
- winning 1 seat in 2 elections
- 2 election results as largest party no seats (first loser)
- special categories: 'no-seat' and 'one-seat' (see election)
We avoid including minor parties or candidates that win a seat only in one election due to low threshold requirements.
Party change
New parties are recorded in 'party_change' and 'party_name_change'.
Mergers and party splits are only added as a new party if the (largest) predecessor party won less than 75% of the combined vote of all preceding parties in the last election. Otherwise the largest party is just renamed.
Details
- Splits and re-mergers are recorded in the original party (eg. JPN DP)
- see also Barnea/Rahat (2011, 311): "a new label and that no more than half of its top candidates (top of candidate list or safe districts) originate from a single former party"
Party names
Party names are sentence case if no national (language) convention requires title case
- eg. party names for Germany are title case (German and English)
Party names and delimiters · recoding to be finished
- '–' different languages
- '/' ('+') alliances
- '|' generic names
Year added to smaller party name if identical names exist in a country (eg. SVK SZ-92)
Party positions
We provide aggregated party positions in four major dimensions. These positions are time-invariant unweighted mean values of information from party expert surveys on a 0 to 10 scale. All expert surveys are linked with ids from the 'party' table and original values are rescaled before calculating the mean
Missing party positions for each dimension are imputed by mean values for the respective party family. We distinguish mean and imputed values by the number of decimal places. Mean values based on external datasets have five decimal places and imputed values have one decimal place only.
Variables and sources
- left/right — Castles/Mair 1983 (left/right), Huber/Inglehart 1995 (left/right), Benoit/Laver 2006 – (left/right), CHES 2010 (lrgen 1999 and 2002 and 2006)
- state/market — Benoit/Laver 2006 (taxes/spending), CHES 2010 (lrecon 1999 and 2002 and 2006)
- liberty/authority — Benoit/Laver 2006 (social), CHES 2010 (galtan 1999 and 2002 and 2006)
- EU anti/pro — Ray 1999 (pos96), Benoit/Laver 2006 (euauthority or eulargerstronger or eujoining), CHES 2010 (position 1999 and 2002 and 2006)
Party families
We classify parties into families by their position in an economic (state/market) and a cultural (liberty/authority) left/right dimension.
The classification leads to eight party family categories: Communist/Socialist, Green/Ecologist, Social democracy, Liberal, Christian democracy, Agrarian, Conservative, Right-wing.
We use one classification for the entire history of a party and do not record changes (e.g. FIN SP|P).
We add further information about party families in a separate table (see party_family).
Elections
Coding rules
We include election results for
- all parties that won 1.0% vote share
- all parties that won 2 seats (esp. alliance members)
Details
- a party that won less than 1.0% vote share and 1 seat
- several election results — included into the list of ParlGov parties
- single election result — recorded as a 'one-seat' party (eg. Poland)
- a party that won less than 1.0% vote share but was the largest party that won no seat (first loser)
- several election results — included into the list of ParlGov parties
- single election result — recorded as a 'no-seat' party (eg. Austria)
- a party that won less than 1.0% vote share and no seat but is recorded in ParlGov through another election
- included are only the election results with more that 1.0% vote share
- parliamentary party groups
- party group seat compositions different to election results
- significant changes in the composition of party groups (more than 5.0% seat share)
- electoral alliances
- electoral alliances are recorded by linking election results (variable 'alliance_id ') of alliance members to an alliance or the strongest party in an electoral alliance
- each electoral alliance or alliance member recorded as an individual party should include 2 elections, if feasible
- alliances of parties that are part of a broader alliance are recorded with a 'data_json' ['alliance_alliance_id'] entry (eg. Italy 1996)
- votes are coded at the level of electoral results for all alliance members [recoding to be finished]
- seats are coded for alliance members, if feasible [recoding to be finished]
- seats of an alliance that forms a parliamentary group with members running independently are recorded for alliance members and with a 'parliament_change' (eg. Germany CDU/CSU)
- seats of alliance members are recorded if no information about the parliamentary party group status is available
- a 'data_json' key 'seats_alliance' is added to the alliance to check data consistency
- a 'one seat' party which is part of an electoral alliance is coded as an alliance member (eg. Hungary 2014)
- 'others'
- only number of seats recorded
Earlier versions of ParlGov included only parties with seats in parliament and updating all countries to the 1.0% vote share rule was completed in December 2014.
Data sources
National elections
Main sources
- official data source – national statistical office – see country notes
- Nohlen — Elections: A Data Handbook – various volumes of elections around the world
- Mackie/Rose (1945–1990) — only Western democracies
- Essex elections data on Post-Communist Europe (1990–200x)
- EJPR Political Data Yearbook (1990–today)
- CEVIPOL Electoral results — Europe and Latin-America
Others
- Parline
- Rokkan/Meyriat (1920–1965) — only Western democracies
- Rose/Munro (1990–2001) — Post-Communist Europe
European parliament elections
Sorted by preference for coding selection
- official data source – national statistical office
- European Parliament (EP) election report (esp. 1979–1999) — based on official statistics
- EJPR yearbook (1990–today)
Cabinets
Cabinet definition
We record a new cabinet for these events (cf. Budge/Keman 1993: 10)
- any change of parties with cabinet membership
- any change of the prime minister
- any general election
All parties with ministers in cabinet are included (Indridason/Bowler 2014: 396)
- right to attend cabinet meetings
- right to cast vote before cabinet (if applicable)
Details
- three month rule
- a continuation (caretaker) cabinet (subset of previous coalition, no new party) is coded once for any change lasting longer than three months
- the three month rule refers to the exact day of the date, not the number of days
- any meaningful investiture procedure defines a new cabinet (eg. TUR Ciller II)
- any meaningful resignation defines a new cabinet
- cabinet parties not included
- ministers without portfolio, interim or junior ministers
- cabinet members without party affiliation (party family 'none') are only coded if the prime minister has no party affiliation
- parties supporting a (minority) cabinet are included in table 'cabinet support' — if information available
- parliamentary groups and alliances
- political parties are recorded as parliamentary groups (eg. DEU CDU/CSU)
- alliance members that join a parliamentary group are recorded as support parties (eg. POL Szydlo 2015)
- country specific
- Switzerland: changes in the identity of the President of the Swiss Confederation (Bundespräsident) do not define a new cabinet (cf. Kriesi/Trechsel 2008, 75-76)
Examples
- three month constraint
- POL Kaczynski (2006) — coded as one cabinet
- SRP withdraws from cabinet on 22 September 2006 (party composition change) and re-enters on 16 October
- SRP and LPR dismissal on 13 August 2007 (party composition change) — elections take place on 19 October 2007 (within three months)
- BEL Leterme III (2010) — coded as one cabinet (three month constraint)
- Previous coalition collapses on 26 April 2010 (party composition change) — new elections on 13 June. Pre-election caretaker cabinets lasts for less and post-election cabinet for more than three months.
- 'data_json' entry 'three_month_rule' in 'cabinet' table lists cabinets were the rule is applied to add (or not to add) a caretaker cabinet (experimental version)
- further examples: AUT Gorbach II (1962), NLD Balkenende V (2010)
- PM appointment without cabinet appointment — Andreotti I and Pawlak I
- party formation and dissolution — AUT Schuessel III (2003) [json: 'party_split'], IRL Cowen (2008), ROU Boc III (2010)
Damgaard (1994: 194-95) and Müller/Strom (2000: 12) provide a more comprehensive discussion of cabinet definitions.
Caretaker
Cabinets with a limited legislative mandate (cf. McDonnell/Valbruzzi 2014, 664)
- non-partisan: cabinet members without partisan affiliation
- provisional: appointed post-transition cabinet
- technical: institutional reasons
- continuation: remaining in office (see "tree month rule" above)
- resignation of PM or cabinet
- dissolution of parliament
- after election until new cabinet forms
Cabinet type
Government status (minority, minimum winning or surplus majority) is determined only by the seat share of government parties in parliament and not coded manually.
If there is an electoral alliance with separate seat shares but one of the parties is not a cabinet member, the government will be treated as a minority government (eg. UK 1951). Similarly, if any of the governing parties can be removed and the other governing parties still hold a majority in parliament, the cabinet is considered to be a surplus majority cabinet.
Cabinet termination
Experimental version only — coding has yet to be completed
Coding rule: The same events that define a new government are used to define the termination date of a government. Cabinets may remain in office for a short period after the initial terminal event. The 'description' field should give a short description of events other than an election that led to the fall of a government and these events should be coded in the 'data_json' field.
Confidence votes
Experimental version only — coding has yet to be completed
Confidence votes are added for all recent cabinets but are not included for all cabinets in ParlGov.
- investiture (confidence) votes for new cabinets
- confidence votes that lead to the termination of a cabinet
- important (won) confidence votes.
Details
- constructive vote of no confidence
- coded for outgoing cabinet (eg. DEU Schmitt III, ESP Rajoy IV)
- note about vote of no confidence also added to description of new cabinet
Presidents
We include all party-affiliated heads of state. Short-term acting presidents are not included. See table president.
Data sources
For new cabinets and revisions of observations, we derive information about cabinet termination from news sources, preferably from the news agencies Reuters, AFP or the main national news agency
For West European countries we double checked our initial observations with the data in Müller/Strom (2000). For Central- and Eastern European countries we compared our information to Müller-Rommel ea. (2008).
- EJPR yearbook (1990–today) — www.politicaldatayearbook.com
- European Representative Democracy Data Archive — www.erdda.se
- Müller/Strom (2000) — governments in Western Europe (1945–2000)
- Müller-Rommel ea. (2008) and Conrad/Golder (2010) — governments in Central/Eastern Europe (1990—2009)
- Flora (1983) — inter-war governments
- Wikipedia
# COUNTRIES
Country notes
Summary of main institutional rules and respective changes, data and news sources, references, coding comments, open questions and remaining tasks.
Electoral system information from CLEA country descriptions (Appendix I), ESCE country summaries, IPU-PARLINE electoral system summary, Mackie and Rose (1991), Rokkan and Meyriat (1969)
Cabinet information in Müller and Strøm (2000), see also ERDDA.se data.
Country information about democratisation from Boix ea. (2013).
Abbreviations — proportional representation (PR), single transferable vote (STV)
Additional sources — V-Dem and PIPE data – female suffrage (🔗)
Australia
Information
- Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy
- head of state is the monarch of UK
- independence in 1901
- full male suffrage by 1900, female suffrage in 1902
- alternative vote (AV) introduced in 1918
Data sources online
News in English
References
- Colin Hughes, und Bruce Desmond Graham. 1968. A handbook of Australian government and politics, 1890-1964. Canberra: Australian National University Press.
- Hughes, Colin. 1977. A handbook of Australian government and politics, 1965-1974. Canberra: Australian National University Press.
- ———. 1986. A handbook of Australian government and politics, 1975-1984. Sydney?;;New York: Australian National University Press.
- ———. 2002. A handbook of Australian government and politics, 1985-1999. Annandale N.S.W.: Federation Press.
Coding comments
- Barber (2008) distinguishes the number of eligible voters between 'enrolled' and 'enrolled divisions'. Enrolled figures represent the total number of eligible voters, while enrolled division figures include only eligible voters in contested districts. The distinction applies to elections between 1901 and 1943.
Todo later
- coding of the special district Northern territory (see Barber 2008)
Austria
Information
- Federal parliamentary republic
Data sources online
News in English
Open questions
- number of votes for VGO in 1983 election differ between BMI and statistical yearbook
- date of acceptance for the resignation of Figl III cabinet needed
- formal resignation dates for cabinets after 1996 needed, not covered by Müller/Ström 2000
Belgium
Information
- Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy
- full male suffrage in 1893 election, female suffrage in 1948
- PR (D’Hondt) in 1900
Data sources online
News in English
Open questions
- seat distribution of parties in electoral alliances
- FDF-PPW alliance in 1991 election
- PRL/FDF alliance in 1995 election
- seat distribution
- informaton about PPW (Pari pour la Wallonie)
- SPA/Spirit in 2003 election
- CD&V/N-VA in 2007 election
Coding comments
- due to plural voting, the number of total votes is higher than the number of electorate in elections from 1904 to 1914
- data in IBZ and Nohlen/Stöver is not consistent
Bulgaria
Information
- Unitary parliamentary republic
Data sources online
News in English
Open questions
- coding of BSP coalitions -- national and EP
- seat distribution of Democratic Left (1997) and Coalition for Bulgaria (2001, 2005, 2009)
- esp. seat share of BSP after 2005 election
- missing cyrillic party names
- "electorate" 2009 EP election
Todo later
- double check Blue Coalition EP Elections 2009
Canada
Information
- Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy
- head of state is the monarch of UK
- full male suffrage by 1900 and female suffrage in 1918
Data sources online
News in English
Coding comments
- the data sources on election results before (and after) 1945 are often incosistent
Switzerland
Information
- Federal semi-direct democracy under multi-party parliamentary directorial republic
- full male suffrage in 1848 and female suffrage in 1971
- two round majority-plurality SMD in 1900
- PR (Hagenbach-Bischoff) in 1919
Data sources online
News in English
Open questions
- more information and independent verification about PSU needed
Coding comments
- number of votes based on adjusted votes ('fiktive Stimmen') calculated by Statistical Office of Switzerland
- cabinets are coded for each legislative term
- no prime minister position is attached to a party -- one year Bundespräsident is primus inter pares
- 'starting_date' is the election of the Bundesrat
Todo later
- add French names to all parties
- add largest party no seats for election before 1967 (source needed)
Cyprus
Information
- only presidential system in ParlGov
Data sources online
News in English
Open questions
- For election 2001 official sources are needed; votes according to parline do not add up!
- Informations about the party 'Office of Citizen Rights'
Coding comments
- Cyprus has a presidential form of government; therefore, cabinet start dates may not coincide with election dates; presidential cabinets are coded according to ParlGov coding rules
Todo later
- primary sources for wikipedia codings (national elections: votes for parties with no seats!)
Czech Republic
Information
- Unitary parliamentary republic
Data sources online
News in English
Open questions
- When crossed members of the rebel faction from ODS to US/DEU? -- January 1998
- seat distribution LSU alliance 1992
Germany
Information
- Federal parliamentary republic
Data sources online
News in English
Coding comments
- Elections since 1945
- Only PR votes provided (no SMD votes from first tier)
- Before 1990 we don't include the MPs from Berlin (only procedural voting rights)
- CDU and CSU recorded as alliance with individual results for election data and as CDU/CSU party group for cabinet data
- Elections 1919 to 1933
- some parties win additional seats in a national district (upper tier)
- upper tier votes are not included
- see details in "Wahlen in Deutschland"
- confidence votes 1919 to 1933 not coded in ParlGov
- data recorded in "Formative Stages of German Politics. The Contested Rise of Parliamentary
Democracy, 1867-1967" by Philip Manow and Valentin Schröder
- successor parties from Weimar Republic (1933) to Federal Republic (1945) mainly based on personal continuity of MPs
References
- Stöss, R., 1986. Parteien-Handbuch: Die Parteien der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 1945-1980, Sonderausgabe, Opladen: Westdeutsche Verlag. [core reference on post-war German parties]
- Lenski, S.-C., 2011. Parteiengesetz und Recht der Kandidatenaufstellung Handkommentar, Baden-Baden: Nomos-Verl.-Ges. [party law]
Denmark
Information
- Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
- full male suffrage in 1849 election, female suffrage in 1915
- plurality SMD in 1894
- cabinet responsibility in 1901
- PR (D’Hondt) in 1918
Data sources online
News in English
References
- Elklit, J., 2002. The politics of electoral system development and change: The Danish case. In The evolution of electoral and party systems in the Nordic countries. New York: Agathon Press, pp. 15-66. [evolution electoral system]
Coding comments
- 'Grønland og Færøerne' coded as one party to include results of regional parties from Greenland and Faroer Island
- we add all parties which won at least one seat in Greenland or Faroer
- we only code the seats of the affected parties
- coding of election results 1901 and 1903 based on Mackie and Rose (1991) due to missing data in Nohlen and Stöver (2010)
Todo later
- add election results for Greenland and Faroe Islands -- currently coded as one party
- add causes of government termination and minority support parties from Damgaard (1994)
Spain
Data sources online
News in English
Open questions
- more detailed information about types of support for minority cabinet
- information about parliamentary boycott of HB (esp. 1989 election and Gonzalez cabinet)
Coding comments
- official results include blank votes into valid votes ('Votos Válidos') -- ParlGov 'votes_valid' are based on 'Votos a Candidaturas'
Todo later
- add parties to electoral alliances of 2009 EP election
Estonia
Data sources online
News in English
Open questions
- seats EKK alliance members 1995
- founding of Parempoolsed in 1992 parliament
- How many members defected?
- When did the split happen?
- Eestimaa Rahvalliit – Eesti Maarahva Erakond
- coding as one or two parties
Todo later
- coding of alliance members (eg. RKI 1992)
Finland
Information
- independence in 1917
- universal suffrage in 1906
- PR (D’Hondt) in 1906, 200 seats, single-chamber [no fundamental changes]
Data sources online
News in English
References
- Sundberg, J., 2002. The electoral system of Finland: old, and working well. In The evolution of electoral and party systems in the Nordic countries. New York: Agathon Press, p. 67–100. [electoral system evolution]
- Törnudd, K., 1968. The electoral system of Finland, London: Evelyn. [electoral system evolution]
Open questions
- number of SD-o MPs supporting Sukselainen II cabinet
Coding comments
Todo later
- code registration and dissolution of parties since 1969
- Swedish party names for all parties (if appropriate)
France
Information
- full male suffrage in 1848 and female suffrage in 1944 (Mackie and Rose 1991, 131-33)
- two round majority-plurality SMD and PR periods
- 1889 SMD, 1919 mixed member system, 1928 SMD, 1945 PR, 1958 SMD, 1986 PR, 1988 SMD
- parliamentary system in 1870 and president elected by both chambers; semi-presidential system in 1958
Data sources online
News in English
Coding comments
- "'Comparativly, France has the most poorly doumented electoral statistics.' This statement of Daniele Caramani (2000) must be underlined for various reasons. (...)" (Nohlen 2010, 670). Hence, our coding may include inconsistencies and would profit from feedback by country experts.
- Mackie/Rose election data exclude Algeria and the overseas territories and departments
- Paloheimo (1984) cabinet parties that could not be identified: Gauche Democrats, Movement of Democrats, Payson
- seat strength for some cabinet parties before 1945 unknown – eg. Painleve 1925
Open questions
- How many votes won the Southern League in the legislative election 2012?
- for pre 1945 Wikipedia list several additional cabinets (no PM or party change), more information needed
Todo later
- coding composition of parliamentary groups (see Mackie and Rose 1991, 133)
United Kingdom
Information
- universal suffrage in 1918
Coding comments
- no statistics about number of invalid votes existing until 1964 (see Thrasher/Rallings 2009)
Data sources online
References
- Barberis, Peter. 2005. Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations: Parties, Groups and Movements of the 20th Century. New York; London: Continuum.
- Butler, D., 2010. British Political Facts 10th ed., Palgrave Macmillan.
- core reference on governments, ministers, parties and MPs
- Thrasher, M. & Rallings, C., 2009. British Electoral Facts, Total Politics.
- an updated version of F.W.S. Craig's classical collection of election results in the UK
Open questions 2011 coding – to be checked and updated
-
Parties
- Does it make sense to divide the following party?
- Mackie/Rose mention a party called "United Ireland" on page 442, it is a small minor party with 0-3 seats in the national elections. There are no other sources naming the respective parties. The description of Mackie/Rose regarding the party is: "In 1918 Sinn Féin; from 1918 to 1935 those classified as Irish Nationalist/Anti-Partitionist by Craig, 1981; since 1945 all classified as United Ireland in Rose & !McAllister, 1982, Table 4.3, except for the Social Democratic and Labour Party, listed separately a party 18." Respectively Rose & !McAllister define United Ireland as the parties with following abbreviations: "Nat, Irish LP, Sinn Fein, Rep Lab, Republican, NDP, Irish Unity, SDLP, Rep Clubs, Ind SDLP, IIP".
These seem to be all parties from Northern Ireland.
-
Parliaments
- National Elections in 1945:
- How to treat votes in two-or three-member constituencies? (1945 18 two-member-districts and one three-member district). In two-member-districts voters have two votes, in three-member districts three.
- The conservative party, the national and the national liberal in the 1945 (later on only national liberals and conservatives) are coded as an alliance. It seems that they did not contest in the same constituencies (regarding the numbers of contestants in the voting districts and the total number of voting districts) and sources like Craig (1989) or Rose/!McAllister (1982) list the votes for the parties separately, but count them together as Total Nat (Craig 1989).
- The same applies to our understanding of the alliance between the national liberals and the conservative party beginning with the elections of 1950.
- Cabinets
- Churchill III and Eden I governments had Conservative cabinet members only but the party had no majority of seats in parliament. Nevertheless, it had formed an electoral alliance with the National Liberals winning a majority.
Todo later
- source to validate number of votes cast ('votes_cast') -- data until 1959 needed
- 'votes_total' needed for 2015 and some earlier elections
Greece
Data sources online
News in English
Open questions
- latin name for Muslim list
- What is an "Alternative Minister"
- specification of causes for formation and termination of caretaker governments (Grivas, Zolotas I, Zolotas II)
Todo later
- unify transliteration of greek party names
- coding of alliance members for Coalition of the Radical Left in election results
- add alliance members for 2004 and 2007 election -- latter needs information about seats distribution
Croatia
Data sources online
News in English
Open questions
- 2000 election: 3 no-party seats from ethnic minority district?
- 2007 election: results also recorded for 10 MMC districts only?
Coding comments
- official election results are not aggregated at the national level
- voting results for 10 MMC districts recorded
- votes cast on alliance level as votes cast for each alliance member do not add up to total votes cast for an alliance
Todo later
- as of 2013 available data sources are incomplete to meet ParlGov coding rules
- aggregated number of votes for national, abroad and minority district needed
- information about all parties with more than 1.0% vote share needed
Hungary
Data sources online
Coding comments
- 'votes' and 'vote_share' coding based on list votes in territorial constituencies
Ireland
Information
- independence in 1922
- STV-PR in 1922
Data sources online
News in English
References
- Barberis, Peter. 2005. Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations: Parties, Groups and Movements of the 20th Century. New York; London: Continuum.
- Gallagher, Michael. 1993. Irish Elections 1922-44: Results and Analysis. Limerick: PSAI Press.
- Gallagher, Michael. 2009. Irish Elections 1948-77: Results and Analysis. Routledge.
Coding comments
- Outgoing chairperson of the lower house is automatically re-elected. Seat is added to the respective party ('data_json' keys: 'seats_uncontested', 'outgoing_chairperson').
Coding comments:
- due to the STV-PR it is not possible to specify a certain number of absolute votes per party
- when coding the absolute votes per party we count the number of first preferences, which is common practice
Iceland
Information
- home rule in 1904; sovereignty in 1918; republic in 1944
- universal suffrage in 1915 election
- presidential election since 1944
Data sources online
News in English
References
- Jónsson, Guðmundur and Magnús S. Magnússon, eds. 1997. Hagskinna: Sögulegar Hagtölur Um Ísland -- Icelandic Historical Statistics. First Edition. Reykjavík: Hagstofa Íslands. [election results 1874 to 1991]
- Hardarson, Ólafur Th. 2002. ‘The Icelandic Electoral System 1844-1999’. Pp. 101–66 in The evolution of electoral and party systems in the Nordic countries. New York: Agathon Press. [evolution electoral system]
Coding comments
- transcriptions Icelandic letters into ascii: 'th' for 'þ', 'd' for 'ð', 'ae' for 'æ'
Israel
Information
- direct election of prime minister between 1996 and 2003
Data sources online
Coding comments
- ministers without portfolio have cabinet rank, deputy ministers do not have cabinet rank (cf. Kenig 2014, 181)
- cabinets continuing in office (no resignation or lost confidence vote) after an early dissolution of parliament are coded as "continuation caretaker cabinet" (e.g. Netanyahu 2014)
- all changes in parliament included based on Knesset information
- seats for alliance members of United Torah Judaism to be included with a 'data_json' key if available
- minor differences in the composition of party lists (esp. electoral alliances)
- not coded as "party change" for consecutive elections
- changes of the name and composition are mainly recorded the the "description"
Italy
Data sources online
News in English:
Coding Comments
- The Parliamentary seats for foreign Italians and the seat of Aosta Valley are determined separately and must be added to the "normal" italian results
Open Questions
- coding of The Coalition electoral alliance
Japan
Data sources online
- http://www.soumu.go.jp/senkyo/senkyo_s/data/index.html
- http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/archives_e.html
News in English:
Open questions
- largest party that won no seats missing for most elections
- double check of party families by country expert
- change of party affiliations after 1972 election
- alternative source number of votes and valid votes for 1952 election. inconsistency in Mackie/Rose
Todo later
- update seat composition of parliament at formation of cabinets with EJPR data
- description and final coding of cabinet formation and termination 1958 until today
- add 'seats_smd' to 'data_json'
Lithuania
Status
Data sources online
News in English
Open questions
- seats for Lithuanian Liberal Union and The New Union differ between vrk and Wikipedia/Essex.
- check party name for Lietuvos demokratu partijos jungtinis sarašas
- coding of 1990 elections 96 Sajudis candidates
- party affiliation of prime ministers 'Vagnorius' und 'Abisala'
- seat strength of Sajudzio koalicija in first four cabinets
- upper and lower cases of original party names
- coding of acting prime ministers (see Conrad/Golder 2010, 142)
Todo later
- add 'seats_smd' to 'data_json'
Luxembourg
Information
- full male suffrage in 1893 election, female suffrage in 1918
Data sources online
News in English
Coding comments
- turnout and electorate (registered votes) numbers not available for 1922-1945 (Nohlen 2010, 1245)
- multiple votes per voter, 'data_json' keys: 'multiple_votes' and 'votes_total'
- party names are coded in Luxembourgish with a few historical exceptions in French
- French and German party names are coded as json
Latvia
Data sources online
News in English:
Open questions
- the real original name of E-RP (PartyID: 92)
- double check coding of electoral alliances, especially whether Harmony Center is a party or an electoral alliance
- seat strength of parties in electoral alliances
- seat strength of TPA when member of Gailis cabinet
- party families for entries 'to code'
Todo later
- add alliance members for EP elections
- double check electorate and and total votes for EP 2009 election
Malta
Information
- self-government in 1947, UK rule in 1958, independence in 1964
- STV-PR in 1921
- 1987: one-seat majority for first preference vote majority winner
- Note: voting not compulsory
Data sources online
News in English
Coding comments:
- due to the STV-PR it is not possible to specify a certain number of absolute votes per party
- when coding the absolute votes per party we count the number of first preferences, which is common practice
Netherlands
Information
- full male suffrage in 1917 and female suffrage in 1919
- 1970: compulsory voting abolished
- two round majority-plurality SMD in 1896
- PR (Hare) in 1918
Data sources online
- Elections
- Cabinets
- Parties
News in English:
Open questions
- Drees I -- VVD defector party? -- http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabinet-Drees/Van_Schaik
Norway
Information (Rokkan and Meyriat 1969, 262)
- full male suffrage in 1900 and female suffrage in 1907 (1913)
- indirect elections in 1815
- two round majority-plurality SMD in 1906
- PR (D’Hondt) in 1921
Data sources online
News in English
References
- Svasand, L., 1985. Politiske partier, Oslo: Tiden Norsk Forlag. [parties]
- Nordby, T., 1985. Storting og regjering 1945-1985: Institusjoner, rekruttering, Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. [cabinets]
- Aardal, B., 2002. Electoral Systems in Norway. In The evolution of electoral and party systems in the Nordic countries. New York: Agathon Press, pp. 167-224. [evolution electoral system]
Todo later
- code results for joint lists
- update pre 1973 election data with results from official election reports
- code all cabinet appointment and resignation dates from regjeringen.no
New Zealand
Information
- self-government (dominion) in 1907
- full male suffrage in 1879 and female suffrage in 1893
- plurality SMD in 1853 (majority-plurality SMD in 1908 and 1911)
- mixed member PR in 1994
Data sources online
News in English
Coding comments
- cabinet under same PM after elections starts when the cabinet is sworn in; legally no new cabinet (eg. Key II)
- data sources on election results before 1945 are inconsistent; Vowles provides the most extensive information
- for elections before 1945 electorate shows the number of registered voters in European constituencies; there was no electoral register in the four Maori constituencies
Poland
Data sources online
- PKW -- National Electoral Commission
News in English:
References
- Paszkiewicz, K., 2004. Partie i koalicje polityczne III Rzeczypospolitej 3rd ed., Wroclaw: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wroclawskiego. [party almanac]
Coding comments
- Müller-Rommel ea. (2004) and Conrad/Golder (2010) code the 28/29 April 1993 as the begin of Suchocka II goverment, but it failed a confidence vote on 28 May 1993.
Open questions
- seats of 'Democratic Left Alliance' and 'Labor Union' in parliament after [2001 election]
- coding of [split of the alliance http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance-Labor_Union]
- SDLP 2005 election -- Zieloni and UP on SDLP list or an alliance
- should Pawlak I government be kept? -- needs more explicit cabinet definition
- exact date of PPPP split into PPG and MP unknown
- party name change – UW to PD - exact day/month of the change?
Todo later
- double-check and revise party coding (esp. successor/predecessor) with Paszkiewicz (2004)
- re-coding of 1989 election
- coding of SLD alliance members for elections
- coding of changes in composition of parliament as documented in EJPR Political Data Yearbook
Portugal
Data sources online
News in English
Open questions
- Should 1975 assembly election and succeeding cabinets be excluded?
- How long was ID party member of CDU alliance since 1987 election?
- double checking of 1980 election -- PSD and PS alliance and district seats
- Who and from which party was the third successful candidate in the CDU alliance in the EP election in 1987
- Should BE election results be coded as electoral alliance with separate observations for alliance members?
Todo later
- find primary sources for members of electoral alliances (currently Mackie/Rose (1991) and Wikipedia)
Romania
Information
- district-ordered list system in 2008 and 2012 election
- party-list PR since 2016
- multi-seat districts (M=7)
- 5% threshold for parties and 8 to 10% for electoral alliances
Data sources online
News in English
Todo later
Slovakia
Data sources online
News in English
Open questions
- Party of the Hungarian Coalition (MK)
- seats distribution and parliamentary party group status in 1990
- parliamentary party group status in 1990
- exact seat strength of split parties in Moravcik cabinet
- parliamentary status of Simko SDKU splinter group
Slovenia
Data sources online
News in English
Open questions
- Peterle cabinet parties need double checking and independent source
Todo later
- number of votes and total votes for Italian and Hungarian national community seats
Sweden
Information
- full male suffrage in 1909 and female suffrage in 1922
- PR (D’Hondt) in 1909, 230 seats
- 1952: Saint-Laguë; 1969: unicameral, 350 seats, upper tier, 4.0% threshold
- cabinet investiture: no absolute majority against cabinet (negative parliamentarism)
Data sources online
News in English
References
- Esaiasson, Peter. 1990. Svenska Valkampanjer 1866-1988. Stockholm: Allmänna förlaget.
Open questions
- should the 1970 election be considered an 'early' election?
- parties supporting minority governments and type of support -- experimental version
- party change after elections of 1964 & 1968
- what was the exact date of change or the date of opening session of the parliamentary term?
Turkey
Information
- presidential system since 2018
Data sources online
News in English
Comment
- We decided to exlude Turkey, because the system of government changed to a presidential system.
# CONTRIBUTORS
Project leaders
- Holger Döring 2005–today
- Philip Manow 2004–today
Institutional affiliation
- University of Bremen, 2010–today
- European University Institute (EUI) 2009–2010
- University of Heidelberg 2009–2010
- University of Konstanz 2007–2009
- Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies (MPIfG) 2004–2007
Major contributors
- Jan Biesenbender (University of Konstanz) 2008–2010
- Jonathan Bright (European University Institute) 2011–2013
- Dominic Heinz (MPIfG and University of Bonn) 2006–2007
- Jens Hoffmeister (underline webdesign Berlin) 2010
- Conor Little (University of Limerick) 2011–2018
- Valentin Schröder (University of Bremen) 2010–2019
- Mathias Steudtner (Mittweida) 2007–2008
- Hendrik Zorn (MPIfG) 2004
Open source software
- Python — programming language
- Django — web application framework
- Bootstrap — front–end framework for web development.
- R and RSQLite, SQLite
Icons and pictures
- Font Awesome
- Famfamfam flag and silk icons
- iStockphoto
Contributors
We would like to thank the following people for contributing facts, support, ideas, and encouragement.
- Aaron Thatje (University of Bremen) 2018
- Alexander Trechsel (European University Institute) 2009–2016
- Alexia Katsanidou (GESIS Cologne) 2011
- Aline Grünewald (University of Bremen) 2011
- Andrea Pedrazzani (University of Bologna) 2018
- Armin Schäfer (MPIfG) 2005–2007
- Ben Stanley (University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw) 2016
- Bjørn Høyland (University of Oslo) 2009
- Christian Breunig (MPIfG and University of Seattle) 2006–2008
- Christine Arnold (University of Maastricht) 2012
- Daniel Bochsler (University of Copenhagen) 2016
- David Willumsen (University of Innsbruck) 2019
- Diego Garzia (University of Siena) 2011
- Dimiter Toshkov (Leiden University) 2019
- Dominik Kunert (University of Konstanz) 2011
- Doru Frantescu (VoteWatch Europe) 2013
- Eva Onnudottir (University of Mannheim) 2014
- Fabio Franchino (University of Milan) 2008–2010
- Florian Beyer (University of Konstanz) 2008–2009
- François Briatte (Catholic University of Lille) 2019
- Frank Henze (Brandenburg Technical University of Cottbus) 2005–2011
- Georg Lutz (University of Lausanne) 2012
- Guido Tiemann (IHS Vienna) 2006–2011
- Hanna Bäck (University of Mannheim) 2010–2016
- Indridi H. Indridason (UC Riverside) 2017
- Jan Rose (Berlin) 2005–2011
- Jan Schwalbach (University of Bremen) 2015
- Jef Smulders (KU Leuven) 2013–2016
- Johan Hellström (University of Umeå) 2009–today
- Johannes Freudenreich (University of Potsdam) 2009–2011
- Johannes Kleibl (University of Essex) 2010
- Jonathan Polk (University of Gothenburg) 2014
- José M. Abad (El País) 2017
- Julia Sievers (University of Bremen) 2006–today
- Julian Limberg (University of Bremen) 2013–2015
- Jürgen Lautwein (MPIfG) 2007
- Kevin Deegan-Krause (Wayne State University) 2014–today
- Lars Brückner (University of Bremen) 2010
- Lea Kaftan (University of Cologne) 2014
- Lina Schwarz (University of Bremen) 2014–2017
- Luca Verzichelli (University of Siena) 2007–2016
- Lukas Warode (University of Bremen) 2018–2020
- Madeleine Schneider (Swiss Federal Statistical Office) 2012
- Marco Frisone (University of Bologna) 2012
- Marco Giuliani (University of Milano) 2019
- Maria Thürk (University of Bremen) 2013–2015
- Mark Franklin (European University Institute) 2009–2010
- Mattan Sharkansky (University of Rochester) 2015
- Micha Bächle (University of Konstanz) 2009
- Mihail Chiru (Central European University) 2012–2013
- Mikko Mattila (University of Helsinki) 2009
- Monika Mühlböck (IHS Vienna) 2009–2010
- Moritz Muth (University of the Arts Bremen) 2013
- Nina Wiesehomeier (Swansea University) 2008–today
- Ofer Kenig (The Israel Democracy Institute, Jerusalem) 2014
- Or Tuttnauer (University of Mannheim) 2019
- Osnat Akirav (Western Galilee College) 2016–2019
- Patrick Dumont (University of Luxembourg) 2010–2012
- Patrick Statsch (University of Bremen) 2013
- Pawel Szczerbak (Heidelberg University) 2010–2011
- Peter Mair (European University Institute) 2009–2010
- Peter Meißner (University of Konstanz) 2015
- Peter Söderlund (Åbo Akademi) 2015
- Philipp Harfst (University of Greifswald) 2007-2013
- Philipp Köker (University College London) 2016
- Phillip Hocks (University of Bremen) 2015
- Phillip Rehm (WZB Berlin Social Science Center and Duke University) 2007
- Pola Lehmann (WZB Berlin Social Science Center) 2014–2019
- Quinton Mayne (Harvard University) 2009–2010, 2018
- Ryan Bakker (University of Georgia) 2014
- Sarah Engler (University of Bern) 2015–2017
- Sebastian Eppner (University of Potsdam) 2009–2015
- Sebastian Hübers (MPIfG and University of Tübingen) 2006
- Sebastian Jäckle (University of Freiburg) 2011
- Sigita Trainauskiene (Government Strategic Analysis Center, Vilnius) 2020
- Simon Franzmann (University of Cologne) 2006–2012
- Sinziana Popa (MPIfG and Duke University) 2007
- Steffen Ganghof (MPIfG and University of Potsdam) 2005–2012
- Svanur Kristjansson (University of Iceland) 2014
- Sven Regel (WZB Berlin Social Science Center) 2011–today
- Thomas Mustillo (Purdue University) 2014–today
- Timm Frerk (University of Bremen) 2011–2013
- Tom Fleming (University of Oxford) 2016
- Volker Lindhauer (University of Bremen) 2011
- Zsófia Papp (HAS Centre for Social Sciences, Budapest) 2014
# CHANGES
Development version
Data
- elections and cabinets since April 2018 – see news
- AUS and DEU pre-1945 elections and cabinets added
- unified codebook (coding rules, country notes, changes, credits) for stable versions
- specified coding rules continuation caretaker cabinet
Corrections and updates
- LUX parties: changed party names to Luxembourgish name only, French and German party names are coded as json
- ROU cabinet 1990: recoded into Roman II, corrected start date, added Roman I
- ISR cabinet 2016: removed YH as cabinet support and added it to cabinet
- ISR cabinets 2013 and 2014: added YB
- ISR election 2013: corrected parliament change (L, YB)
- ISR cabinets 2011 and 2012: removed MHH and corrected appointment dates
- LTU party: removed LDDP
- LTU party: recoded KDT into LSDSP
- ISL party: recoded OL into Sfvm
- HRV elections 2003-2016: added SDSS 3 seats to ethnic
- BGR party: recoded ONS into DPS
- ITA party: recoded DINI-RI into RI
- LUX party: recoded GAP into Greng
- LUX party: recoded GLA into GLEI
- ITA party: recoded LA into PRC
- ITA party: recoded PdA into MpA
- ITA party: recoded BN into PLI
- ITA party: recoded UDN into PLI
- JPN election 2012: recoded PLF into TPJ
- CHE elections 1975-1983: added V as alliance member of RB
- ESP election 2016: added Unidos Podemos to replace Podemos for alliance
- GBR election EP 2004: corrected votes cast
- AUT election EP 1996: corrected date
- HRV party: removed SU, duplicate of HSU
- DNK election 2001: added CD and corrected vote share of DF and FrP
- NLD cabinet 2017: corrected PvdA party ID
- NLD cabinets 1933, 1935, 1939: replaced LU with LSP
- HRV party HPS: renamed Croatian People's Party (Hrvatska pucka stranka, ID 2203) into Croatian Popular Party
- GBR 1918: removed ColCon, recoded into Con, added Con-18, added parliament change
- MLT cabinet 2017: corrected party
- NLD party PVV: recoded party family
- ISL election 2017: corrected date
- NLD election 1929: added MPSL
- ITA elections 2001-2013: recoded election results
- IRL cabinet 2016, 2017: added IA
- IRL elections: corrected number of seats and included seat of the chairman
- GBR election 1945: recoded Nat into others
- ITA election 2013: added 13 seats others
- PRT party: recoded FRS into PS
- PRT election 1980: corrected AD and PS votes
- IRL election 1994: added parliament changes
- NLD cabinet 2018: added Rutte V government
- NZL cabinet 2017: corrected party composition
- AUT cabinet 2016: corrected party composition
Database
- "polarization_vote" and "polarization_seats" in "viewcalc_election_parameter"
Version 2018
Stable version released on 1 May 2018.
Data
New information
- elections and cabinets until March 2018
- pre-1945 elections and cabinets
Corrections and updates
Database
- fixed issue in calculated county-year weights -- "viewcalc_country_year_share"
Version 2015
Stable version released on 12 March 2016
Data
New information
- 2015 elections and cabinets
- ParlGov Dataverse
- pre-1945 election results -- development version
Corrections and updates
Webpage
Database
- fixed issue in data dump -- 2014 stable version excluded ISR and TUR election and cabinet data
- Excel spreadsheet export of main tables
Version 14/12
Stable version 29 December 2014
Data
New information
- country added: TUR, ISR
- added presidents
-
updated from seats to votes level data: HUN, CHE, EST (completing votes level for all countries)
-
elections added: EP elections 2014, HUN 2014, BEL 2014, SVN 2014, SWE 2014, NZL 2014, LVA 2014, BGR 2014, JPN 2014
- cabinets added: LVA Straujuma I, CZE Sobotka, DNK Thorning-Schmidt II, ITA Renzi, ROU Ponta III, CYP Anastasiades II, EST Roivas, FIN Katainen II, FRA Valls, HUN Orban III, FIN Stubb, FRA Valls II, BGR Bliznashki, BEL Di Rupo II, SVN Cerar, FIN Stubb II, POL Kopacz, BEL Michel, SWE Loefven, NZL Key III, LVA Straujuma II, BGR Borisov II, ROU Ponta IV, ISR Netanyahu VI, JPN Abe IV
- added EU Commission 2014
Corrections and updates
Webpage
- maintenance dev.parlgov.org
Database
- added table 'politician_president'
- added view 'view_variable' for documentation of main tables
- table 'viewcalc_election_parameter' -- added variable 'turnout'
- removed table 'election_ep'
Version 13/12
Data
New information
- country added: HRV (since 2000)
- elections added: NLD 2012, LTU 2012, ROU 2012, JPN 2012, ITA 2013, MLT 2013, NOR 2013, DEU 2013, AUT 2013, AUS 2013, LUX 2013,
CZE 2013
-
cabinets added: NLD Rutte III, ROU Ponta II, JPN Abe III, MLT Muscat, ITA Letta I/II, GRC Samaras II, CZE Rusnok, CYP Anastasiades, NOR Solberg, AUS Abbott, LUX Bettel, AUT Faymann II, DEU Merkel III
-
updated from seats to votes level data: ISL, MLT, LUX, BGR, CAN, ROU, IRL, CZE, ESP, GRC, LTU, SVN, SVK, FRA, NLD and all EP elections
Corrections and updates
Webpage
- maintenance and polishing dev.parlgov.org
- added favicons
Database
Version 12/10
Stable version 15 October 2012
Data
New information
- elections added: DNK 2011, LVA 2011, POL 2011, ESP 2011, NZL 2011, CHE 2011, SVN 2011, SVK 2012, FRA 2012
-
cabinets added: CYP Christofias IV, JPN Noda, DNK Thorning-Schmidt, LVA Dombrovskis IV, SVK Radicova II, ITA Monti, GRC Papademos, POL Tusk II, NZL Key II, ESP Rajoy, CHE Bundesrat 2011, BEL Di Rupo, SVN Jansa II, ROU Ungureanu, SVK Fico II, NLD Rutte II, CZE Necas II, ROU Ponta, SVK Pahor, FRA Ayrault I+II
-
updated from seats to votes level data: AUT, NZL
- AUS: elections and cabinets 1901 to 1945
-
CHE: elections and cabinets 1919 to 1943
-
seats data in 'view_cabinet' take into account changes in parliament composition (if data available)
- added application to calculate political composition of the European Union
Corrections and updates
Webpage
- party -- added information about the calculation of party positions
- party -- put information about parties (and their names) in external data sets to bottom of page
- party -- removed information about party seats from index page of all parties per country
- election, election index -- using new names for effective number of parties
- election, election index -- disproportionality and advantage ratio with two digits
- election index -- party with absolute majority of seats underlined
- cabinet index -- show only one election date
- home section -- show 'Quick links' first and add 'Data section' with examples
- documentation -- removed key list from list of data sources (kept in experimental version)
- download section -- added direct links to csv files of party, election and cabinet table
Database
- new table -- 'parliament_composition', 'viewcalc_parliament_composition', , 'viewcalc_country_year_share'
- table 'cabinet' and 'election' -- fixed bug in determining non-existent previous ids
- table 'cabinet' -- added columns 'appointment_date', 'resignation_date' (experimental version)
- table 'cabinet_party' -- added column 'description' and moved (most) 'comment' entries into it
- table 'election' -- added columns 'dissolution_date', 'wikipedia' (experimental version)
- table 'election_result' -- added column 'description' and moved (most) 'comment' entries into it
- table 'party' -- added column 'dissolution_date' (experimental version)
- table 'viewcalc_election_parameter' -- renamed 'enep' into 'enp_votes' and 'enlp' into 'enp_seats'
- table 'viewcalc_election_parameter' -- removed results for party family 'none' from calculation
- table 'viewcalc_party_position' -- renamed 'eu_pro_contra' into 'eu_anti_pro'
- table 'viewcalc_party_position' -- don't overwrite missing 'left_right' with 'state_market'
- table 'view_party' -- renamed 'eu_pro_contra' into 'eu_anti_pro'
- table 'view_cabinet', 'view_election', 'view_party' -- added 'country_name'
- table 'view_cabinet' -- 'seats' now based on 'viewcalc_parliament_composition' instead of 'election_result'
Version 11/07
Stable version 26 July 2011
Data
New information
- elections 2011 added: CAN, CYP, EST, FIN, IRL, PRT
- cabinets added: CAN Harper III, CYP Christofias II, EST Ansip IV, FIN Katainen, FRA Fillon III, IRL Kenny, PRT Coelho, SVN Pahor II
-
added NIR -- parties only
-
updated from seats to votes level data: AUT, CYP, POL
- JPN: added elections and cabinets from 1945 to 1958
Corrections and updates
- recoded nationalist, fascist and right-wing populist party families into 'right wing' and added former classifications as additional party families to table 'party family'
- removed some entries used to define full party names from table party_change and added the information to json field in party table (eg. DEU: CDU, CSU; SWE: SAP)
- replaced missing 'left_right' party positions with 'state_market' values if available (esp. relevant for Benoit/Laver 2006 data)
- corrected documentation of variable 'date' in 'election' table
- CYP: removed elections and cabinets prior to 1976 (Polity IV score)
-
added Kyprianou III, Kyprianou V, Vassiliou II, Klerides II, Klerides IV, Papadopoulos II
-
AUT cabinet 1945: Figl I split into two cabinets
- AUT cabinet 2002: Schuessel I split into two cabinets -- three month constrain
- AUT cabinet 2003: Schuessel II split into two cabinets taking into account FPÖ split (FPÖ, BZÖ)
- AUT election 1949 to 1962: coded KPO as Communist alliance
- AUT election 1999 and 2002: corrected seats total
- AUT election 1995: added turnout data, votes and Nein party, changed vote share
- AUT election 2008: corrected vote share
- AUT election EP 1996: corrected vote share
- AUT election EP 1999: corrected valid votes
- BEL cabinet 1991: recoded Martens IX starting date -- three month constrain
- BEL cabinet 2007: Verhofstadt II split into two cabinets -- three month constrain
- BEL cabinet 2010: Leterme III set start of cabinet to date of election (2010-06-13) -- three month constrain
- BEL party: KPB-PCB split in 1989 coded (KP and PC); reassigned Ray party expert identifier to PC
- BGR election 1991: added parties
- BIH party: EU Profiler removed all links to Croatian parties -- ticket:72
- BIH party: Benoit/Laver removed Croatian HDZ link
- CHE cabinet 2008: added Bundesrat 2008 -- ticket:60
- CHE election 1983: added 'others' to election, updated seat composition
- CHE party: recoded LdU-AdI (party_id 1646) into LdU-ADI (party_id 1264)
- CYP cabinet 2008: recoded ADK into EDEK
- CYP election 2006: corrected KISOS and updated (votes) results
- CYP election EP 2004: added votes and EDEK result
- CYP party: added 'EDEK' to party name of Movement for Social Democracy and updated short party name
- CZE cabinet 2006: recoded start date of Topolanek I
- CZE cabinet 2009: updated start date of Fisher cabinet to PM appointment
- CZE election 2002: recoded date of election to last election date
- DEU cabinet 1960: Adenauer V split into two cabinets taking into account DP split
- DEU election 1949: added SSW
- DEU election 1953 to 2005: corrected valid votes -- ticket:67
- DEU election 1961: recoded GB/BHE into an electoral alliance (GDP) between GB/BHE and DP
- DEU election 2009: corrected electorate, total votes, valid votes
- DEU election EP 1979 to 2004: updated from seats to votes level data
- DEU election: electoral alliance added for CDU/CSU -- election results still coded at the the CDU and CSU level
- DEU party: updated predecessor/successor entries Linke and added 2005 electoral alliance
- DNK election 1945 to 1950: updated sources
- DNK election 1945 to 1994: corrected number of seats
- DNK election 1947: added HV
- DNK election 1957: corrected total seats
- DNK election 1973 to 1977: added SV as alliance member
- DNK election 1973: added DU as alliance member
- DNK party: recoded party family Dansk Folkeparti
- ESP cabinet 1977 and 1979: Gonzalez renamed into Suarez
- ESP election 1977: corrected and updated results
- ESP party: recoded CHA (party_id 1675) into CA (party_id 1367)
- EST cabinet 2009: Ansip II split into two cabinets
- EST election 1992 and 1995: updated source, added turnout data, corrected and updated results
- EST party: added V, EPL, Metsa, ERKL, KunRoh, ETRE, OIG, TEE
- FIN election 1948 to 1983: updated data sources for RKP-SFP and AS
- FIN election 1958 and 1962: removed SKL
- FIN election 1966: added SKDL/TPSL alliance
- FIN election 1987: corrected SKDL vote share
- FIN election 1991 and 1995: recoded SKYP results into SEP
- FIN election 1995: added VSL
- FIN election 2003: corrected election date
- FIN election EP 1999: corrected number of seats
- FIN party: minor updates on party names and predecessor/successor parties
- FIN party: SKP-97 party names changed into SKP-Y
- FRA election 2007: corrected vote share and seats, added votes
- FRA election EP 2009: corrected number of seats Gauche
- FRA party: added UEM
- FRA party: recoded UMP Benoit/Laver ID
- FRA party: removed The Right (party_id 157) duplicate of Other Right (party_id 285)
- GBR election 1974 to 1987: calculated 'vote_share' for some parties from Northern Ireland -- ticket:66
- GBR election 1983 and 1987: recoded LD as Alliance
- GBR election EP: added notes about vote share in regions
- GBR election EP 1999: corrected vote share and number of valid votes
- GBR party: updated EES IDs for SNP, Plaid, UKIP, PWCL
- GDR cabinet 1990: Maizere coded changes in party composition and defectors
- GDR election 1990: coded electoral alliances and its members, corrected number of votes
- GDR party: updated all entries; coded party changes (including DEU parties)
- GRC party: added names for KODISO
- GRC party: recoded and merged EK into EDIK
- ISL cabinet 1944 and 1946: Thors II, Thors III recoded Ab into So
- ISL cabinet 1979: Groendal changed into caretaker cabinet
- ISL election 1946 to 1953: replaced Ab by So
- ISL election 1967: added OS and updated source
- ISL party: corrected 'þ' transcription into 'th' and removed remaining capitalisation of party names
- ISL party: recoded Thjo (party_id 1637) into Pjo (party_id 205)
- ITA election 1946 and 1948: recoded PLI results into UDN and BN (alliances), added alliance members
- ITA election 1963 and 1968: recoded PNM results into PDIUM (new party)
- ITA party: updated party names and predecessor/successor entries for Socialist parties (PSI, PSDI, PSU)
- JPN cabinet 1980: Ito removed -- three month constrain
- JPN cabinet 1993: added NP
- JPN cabinet 1994: removed LP
- JPN cabinet 1998: split Obuchi into three cabinets
- JPN cabinet 2009: renamed Hatoyama into Hatoyama Y
- JPN election 1958: added votes
- JPN election 1960 to 1967: added number of votes
- JPN election 1969 and 1979: corrected number of votes
- JPN election 2005: corrected number of seats (all parties except LDP and DPJ)
- JPN election 2009: updated source and added NPD
- JPN party, election, cabinet: recoded DSP (party_id 1053) into SDP (party_id 940) for elections and cabinets after 1994
- JPN party: recoded NK into K(CGP)
- JPN party: unified short names to english version -- ticket:63
- LTU cabinet 2008: Kubilius II added TPP
- LTU election 1992: added votes and parties
- LTU party: added VPJST and LLL
- LVA election 2010: added seats total
- NLD cabinet 1977: Den Uyl II; set start of cabinet to date of election (1977-05-25) -- three month constrain
- NLD election 1977: CDA as electoral alliance (ARP, CHU, KVP)
- NLD election EP 1999: added electoral alliance SGP/GPV/RPF
- NOR cabinet 1940: removed Nygaardsvold II
- NOR cabinet 1945: Gerhardsen I coded as caretaker and parties added
- NOR election 1961 to 1969: recoded SV into SF
- NOR election 1973: added SV alliance members
- NOR party: updated RV names
- NZL election 1999: changed number of seats NZFP
- POL cabinet 1991: Olszewski recoded WAK into ZChN (alliance member) and removed PCD
- POL cabinet 1992 and 1993: Suchocka I and II added PSL, PCD and recoded WAK into ZChN (alliance member)
- POL party: removed L; recoded PD into UW-PD
- PRT election 1979: corrected seats of AD alliance members, added Ref and updated source
- PRT election EP 1994: corrected vote share
- PRT party: added PAN; recoded party family PSD; removed Benoit/Laver ID from PDC
- SVN party: removed SA and LU
- SWE election 1985: updated source, corrected turnout data, coded alliance member
Webpage
- party -- show information about electoral alliances and alliance members in election results (superscript symbol)
- party -- show party foundation date
- party -- show only year of party change if date is coded as 1 July (default for unknown day/month)
- election, cabinet -- show name of party for elections and cabinets based on information in table 'party_name_change' (if available)
- election -- moved information about 'Changes of party composition in parliament' into experimental version
- election -- show only results for more than 0.5% vote share
- cabinet -- don't show termination date (experimental version observation only)
- external -- corrected publication year references for Castles/Mair, Ray and EU Profiler
- data sources -- cleaned up names of some of the entries
Database
- new table -- 'cabinet_support' to include parties that support (minority) cabinets (experimental version)
- new table -- 'party_family' to include additional party families for a party
- tables 'party', 'party_change', 'party_name_change' -- added column 'data_source'
- table 'party' -- added column 'description'
- table 'party' -- added column 'foundation_date' (experimental version)
- table 'party_change' -- added variable 'type_id' (experimental version)
- 'view_cabinet' -- fixed issue in view definition to include all cabinets -- ticket:65
- 'view_election' -- added variable 'previous_cabinet_id'
Version 10/11
Stable version 16 November 2010
Summary
- complete database refactoring -- recoding of table/variable names and all id variables -- see below
- new web design -- Jens Hoffmeister (underline webdesign Berlin) 2010
- new data: European Election Study (2009) party ids added; Belgium, United Kingdom, Portugal, Latvia updated from seats to votes level data; Swiss cabinets since 1945 added
- recent elections and cabinets until October 2010 and data corrections -- see below
Data
New information
- elections 2010 added: HUN, GBR, CZE, NLD, SVK, BEL, SWE, AUS, LVA
-
cabinets 2010 added: NLD Balkenende V, ROU Bejinariu, HUN Orban II, GBR Cameron, JPN Kan, FIN Kiviniemi, AUS Gillard, SVK Radicova, CZE Necas, SWE Reinfeldt, AUS Gillard II, LVA Dombrovskis III,
-
updated from seats to votes level data: BEL, GBR, PRT, LVA
-
European Election Study (2009) party ids added
- CHE all cabinets since 1945 added
- POL parliament_change -- specification of party composition changes in 2007 parliament
Corrections
Webpage
Database
- complete database refactoring
- renaming of tables and variables
- unique primary keys in all tables (variable 'id')
- old id variables are kept in core tables with prefix 'old_' (eg. 'old_partyID' in party table)
- foreign key enforcement (in Django)
- 'data_json' variable for additional information in some tables (experimental version)
- coding of all 'id' variables in 'info_id' -- except variables with an own table (e.g. country, party, election)
